Schlagwort: muslime

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10 Fakten über den Ramadan

  1. Der Ramadan ist der Fastenmonat der Muslime und der neunte Monat des islamischen Mondkalenders. In diesem Monat soll der Koran herabgesandt worden sein (Sure 2, Vers 185).
  2. Wesentlichste Verpflichtung ist der Verzicht auf Nahrung und Getränke tagsüber. Die Fastenpflicht beginnt mit Sonnenaufgang („esst und trinkt, bis ihr in der Morgendämmerung einen weißen von einem schwarzen Faden unterscheiden könnt!“ und endet mit dem Sonnenuntergang. Das Essen zum abendlichen Fastenbrechen soll ein Festmahl sein und mit einem reichhaltigen Frühstück im letzten Drittel der Nacht, Sahur genannt, soll man sich für den Tag stärken.
  3. Für Muslime z.B. im hohen Norden ist der Ramadan allerdings insoweit ein Problem, als dass dort ggf. die Sonne gar nicht untergeht (Mitternachtssonne) oder zumindest kaum Nacht ist (weiße Nächte). Oftmals folgen sie dann beim Fasten den Sonnenauf- und Untergangszeiten von Mekka.
  4. Zudem soll man nicht rauchen, auf Geschlechtsverkehr verzichten und sich übler Nachrede, Verleumdung, Lügen und Beleidigungen aller Art enthalten sowie möglichst Mildtätig gegenüber Armen sein.
  5. Beim muslimische Fasten also steht – stärker als bei der Fastenzeit der Christen – das bewusste Erfahren der Religion im Vordergrund, weniger der Verzicht auf Nahrung an sich.
  6. Schwangere und stillende Frauen, Kranke, Reisende und Kinder vor der Pubertät sind zum Fasten nicht verpflichtet. Die versäumten Tage sollen aber nach Wegfall der Gründe möglichst nachgeholt werden. Wer wegen Alter oder Krankheit nicht fasten kann, soll eine Fastenersatzleistung erbringen, Fidya genannt. Auch Frauen während der Menstruation oder während des Wochenbetts ist nicht erlaubt zu fasten, wobei auch diese Tage nachgeholt werden müssen. Einsichtsfähige Kinder dürfen aber Fasten.
  7. In einigen islamischer Staaten ist die Fastenpflicht staatlich geboten. In Saudi-Arabien werden auch Nichtmuslime bestraft, die im Ramadan während des Tages in der Öffentlichkeit essen, trinken oder rauchen. Grundsätzlich ist es in muslimischen Ländern angebracht, sich dem Ramdan anzupassen und sich zurückhaltend zu zeigen.
  8. Das Fasten hatte keine vorislamische Tradition auf der arabischen Halbinsel, Mohammed entwickelte es wahrscheinlich aus christlichen und insbesondere jüdischen Fastenbräuchen.
  9. Zu den Bräuchen rund um den Ramadan gehören in einigen islamischen Ländern – Ägypten, Sudan, Libyen, Tunesien, den Golfstaaten und Syrien. – die Wecktrommler. Sie gehen mit Trommeln etwa zwei Stunden vor dem Sonnenaufgang durch Wohngebiete und erinnern die Menschen an das Frühstück. Insbesondere in Ägypten sind auch Ramadanlaternen gebräuchlich.
  10. Mit dem Beginn des zehnten islamischen Monats – Schawwal – feiert man das Fest des Fastenbrechens (‚id al-fitr), das im türkischen auch küçük bayram, ramazan bayramı oder Zuckerfest (şeker bayramı) genannt wird. Es beginnt mit einem Gemeinschaftsgebet und einer Almosenspende. Es dauert drei Tage.
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Liste: Staaten der Erde nach Anteil islamischer Bevölkerung

Diese Liste ist in Überarbeitung.

Stand der Datenerhebung: 2010

Land Christen Judentum Muslime Ohne Hindus Buddhist Naturr, Andere
Marokko 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Somalia 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Afghanistan 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Iran 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Tunesien 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Mauratanien 0% 0% 99% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%
Jemen 0% 0% 99% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Iran 1% 0% 99% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Zypern (Nord) 1% 0% 99% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Mayotte 1% 0% 99% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Maldives 0% 0% 98% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%
 Niger 1% 0% 98% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Comoros 1% 0% 98% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Turkey 0% 0% 98% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Algeria 0% 0% 98% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Palästina 2% 0% 98% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Jordan 2% 0% 97% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Azerbaijan 3% 0% 97% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Djibouti 2% 0% 97% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Tajikistan 2% 0% 97% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Uzbekistan 2% 0% 97% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Libya 3% 0% 97% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Pakistan 2% 0% 96% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0%
 Senegal 4% 0% 96% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
North Africa 3% 0% 96% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 The Gambia 5% 0% 95% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Egypt 5% 0% 95% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Saudi Arabia 4% 0% 93% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%
 Turkmenistan 6% 0% 93% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Syria 5% 0% 93% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Mali 3% 0% 92% 3% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Sudan 5% 0% 91% 1% 0% 0% 3% 0%
 Bangladesh 0% 0% 90% 0% 9% 1% 0% 0%
 Kyrgyzstan 11% 0% 88% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Indonesia 10% 0% 87% 0% 2% 1% 0% 0%
 Kosovo 11% 0% 87% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Oman 7% 0% 86% 0% 6% 1% 0% 1%
 Guinea 11% 0% 84% 2% 0% 0% 3% 0%
Albanien 18% 0% 80% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Sierra Leone 21% 0% 78% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 United Arab Emirates 13% 0% 77% 1% 7% 2% 0% 1%
 Brunei 9% 0% 75% 0% 0% 9% 6% 0%
 Kuwait 14% 0% 74% 0% 9% 3% 0% 0%
 Kazakhstan 25% 0% 70% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Bahrain 15% 1% 70% 2% 10% 3% 0% 0%
 Qatar 14% 0% 68% 1% 14% 3% 0% 1%
 Malaysia 9% 0% 64% 1% 6% 18% 2% 0%
 Burkina Faso 23% 0% 62% 0% 0% 0% 15% 0%
 Lebanon 38% 0% 61% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Chad 41% 0% 55% 3% 0% 0% 1% 0%
Western Africa 41% 0% 53% 2% 0% 0% 4% 0%
 Nigeria 49% 0% 49% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 52% 0% 45% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Guinea-Bissau 20% 0% 45% 4% 0% 0% 31% 0%
 Macedonia 59% 0% 39% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Ivory Coast 44% 0% 38% 8% 0% 0% 10% 0%
Eritrea 63% 0% 37% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Tanzania 61% 0% 35% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Ethiopia 63% 0% 35% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0%
Sub-Saharan Africa 63% 0% 30% 3% 0% 0% 3% 0%
Southern Asia 2% 0% 30% 0% 64% 2% 0% 2%
 Montenegro 71% 0% 29% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Cyprus 73% 0% 25% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Benin 53% 0% 24% 5% 0% 0% 18% 0%
 Israel 2% 76% 19% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Cameroon 70% 0% 18% 5% 0% 0% 3% 3%
 Mozambique 57% 0% 18% 18% 0% 0% 7% 0%
 Mauritius 25% 0% 17% 1% 56% 0% 1% 0%
 Ghana 75% 0% 16% 4% 0% 0% 5% 0%
 Suriname 52% 0% 15% 5% 20% 1% 5% 2%
 India 3% 0% 14% 0% 80% 1% 1% 2%
 Singapore 18% 0% 14% 16% 5% 34% 2% 10%
Southeastern Europe 83% 0% 14% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Togo 44% 0% 14% 6% 0% 0% 36% 1%
 Bulgaria 82% 0% 14% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Malawi 83% 0% 13% 3% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Liberia 86% 0% 12% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Uganda 87% 0% 12% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Gabon 77% 0% 11% 6% 0% 0% 6% 1%
 Georgia 89% 0% 11% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Russia 73% 0% 10% 16% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Sri Lanka 7% 0% 10% 0% 14% 70% 0% 0%
 Kenya 85% 0% 10% 3% 0% 0% 2% 1%
Middle Africa 85% 0% 9% 3% 0% 0% 2% 1%
 Central African Republic 90% 0% 9% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0%
Eastern Europe 76% 0% 8% 16% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 France 63% 1% 8% 28% 0% 1% 0% 0%
 Guyana 66% 0% 6% 2% 25% 0% 0% 1%
 Fiji 64% 0% 6% 1% 28% 0% 0% 1%
 South Sudan 61% 0% 6% 1% 0% 0% 33% 0%
 Netherlands 51% 0% 6% 42% 1% 0% 0% 0%
 Belgium 64% 0% 6% 29% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Trinidad and Tobago 66% 0% 6% 2% 23% 0% 2% 1%
 Germany 69% 0% 6% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Schweiz 81% 0% 6% 12% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Thailand 1% 0% 6% 0% 0% 93% 0% 0%
Österreich 80% 0% 5% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Griechenland 88% 0% 5% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Philippinen 85% 0% 5% 7% 0% 2% 1% 0%
Liechtenstein 92% 0% 5% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Nepal 1% 0% 5% 0% 81% 10% 4% 0%
 Sweden 67% 0% 5% 27% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 United Kingdom 71% 1% 4% 21% 1% 0% 0% 1%
 Réunion 88% 0% 4% 2% 5% 0% 0% 1%
 Serbia 93% 0% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Denmark 84% 0% 4% 12% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Burma 8% 0% 4% 1% 2% 80% 6% 0%
 Equatorial Guinea 89% 0% 4% 5% 0% 0% 2% 1%
 Gibraltar 89% 2% 4% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0%
 Italy 83% 0% 4% 12% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Norway 85% 0% 4% 10% 1% 1% 0% 0%
 Slovenia 78% 0% 4% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Northern Europe 78% 0% 3% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Central Europe 75% 0% 3% 22% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Mongolia 2% 0% 3% 36% 0% 55% 4% 0%
 Madagascar 85% 0% 3% 7% 0% 0% 5% 0%
 Burundi 92% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 6% 0%
 New Caledonia 85% 0% 3% 10% 0% 1% 0% 1%
Southern Europe 82% 0% 3% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Australia 67% 1% 2% 24% 1% 3% 1% 1%
 Luxembourg 70% 0% 2% 27% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Australia and New Zealand 66% 0% 2% 26% 2% 3% 1% 1%
 Canada 69% 1% 2% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1%
 Spain 79% 0% 2% 19% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Cambodia 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 97% 1% 0%
 China 5% 0% 2% 52% 0% 18% 22% 1%
 Hong Kong 14% 0% 2% 56% 0% 13% 13% 2%
 Rwanda 93% 0% 2% 4% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 South Africa 81% 0% 2% 15% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Eastern Asia 6% 0% 2% 52% 0% 20% 20% 1%
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 96% 0% 2% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 89% 0% 2% 3% 3% 0% 2% 2%
Southern Africa 82% 0% 2% 14% 1% 0% 1% 0%
 Croatia 93% 0% 1% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 British Virgin Islands 85% 0% 1% 4% 1% 0% 8% 1%
 Congo, Republic of the 86% 0% 1% 9% 0% 0% 3% 1%
 New Zealand 57% 0% 1% 37% 2% 2% 1% 1%
 Ukraine 84% 0% 1% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Bermuda 75% 0% 1% 19% 0% 1% 3% 1%
 Ireland 92% 0% 1% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Seychelles 94% 0% 1% 2% 2% 0% 0% 1%
Northern America 77% 2% 1% 17% 1% 1% 0% 1%
 Argentina 85% 1% 1% 12% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Barbados 95% 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 French Guiana 84% 0% 1% 3% 2% 0% 9% 1%
 United States 78% 2% 1% 16% 1% 1% 0% 1%
 Andorra 90% 0% 1% 9% 1% 0% 0% 0%
 Finland 82% 0% 1% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Northern Mariana Islands 81% 0% 1% 1% 0% 11% 5% 1%
 Panama 93% 0% 1% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Melanesia 95% 0% 1% 0% 3% 0% 1% 0%
 Antigua and Barbuda 93% 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 4% 1%
 Moldova 97% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Portugal 94% 0% 1% 4% 0% 1% 1% 0%
 Zambia 98% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Botswana 72% 0% 0% 21% 0% 0% 6% 1%
 Cayman Islands 84% 1% 0% 9% 1% 0% 5% 1%
 Guadeloupe 96% 0% 0% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0%
 Monaco 86% 2% 0% 12% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Anguilla 91% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 3% 2%
 Falkland Islands 67% 0% 0% 32% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Grenada 97% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0%
 Namibia 98% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Romania 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 95% 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 1% 1%
 Venezuela 89% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Caribbean 80% 0% 0% 13% 1% 0% 6% 0%
 Angola 91% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 4% 0%
 Aruba 92% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Belarus 71% 0% 0% 29% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Bhutan 1% 0% 0% 0% 23% 75% 2% 0%
 Estonia (Baltic states) 40% 0% 0% 60% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Iceland 95% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Isle of Man 84% 0% 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Japan 2% 0% 0% 57% 0% 36% 0% 5%
 Macau 7% 0% 0% 15% 0% 17% 59% 1%
 Malta 97% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Martinique 97% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Netherlands Antilles 94% 0% 0% 3% 0% 1% 1% 0%
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 95% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Slovakia 85% 0% 0% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 South Korea 29% 0% 0% 46% 0% 23% 1% 0%
 Swaziland 88% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Vietnam 8% 0% 0% 30% 0% 16% 45% 0%
South America 90% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 2% 0%
Latin America and the Caribbean 90% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Bahamas 96% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Belize 88% 1% 0% 9% 0% 1% 2% 0%
 Cape Verde 89% 0% 0% 9% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Dominica 94% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 3% 2%
 Honduras 88% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 1% 1%
 Latvia (Baltic states) 56% 0% 0% 44% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Poland 94% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Saint Lucia 91% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 1% 2%
 Timor-Leste 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Tuvalu 97% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2%
 U,S, Virgin Islands 95% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 1%
Micronesia 93% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 2% 2%
 Taiwan 6% 0% 0% 13% 0% 21% 44% 16%
 Brazil 89% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 3% 0%
 Colombia 93% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0% 1% 0%
Mexico and Central America 94% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Mexico 95% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Zimbabwe 87% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 4% 0%
Vatikan 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 American Samoa 98% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Armenia 99% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Bolivia 94% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 1% 1%
 Chile 89% 0% 0% 9% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Cook Islands 96% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Costa Rica 91% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Cuba 59% 0% 0% 23% 0% 0% 17% 0%
 Czech Republic 23% 0% 0% 76% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Dominican Republic 88% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Ecuador 94% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 El Salvador 88% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Faroe Islands 98% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 French Polynesia 94% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Greenland 96% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 1% 1%
 Guam 94% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% 2% 2%
 Guatemala 95% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Haiti 87% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Hungary 81% 0% 0% 19% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Jamaica 77% 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% 5% 1%
 Kiribati 97% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2%
 Laos 2% 0% 0% 1% 0% 66% 31% 1%
 Lesotho 97% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Lithuania (Baltic states) 90% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Marshall Islands 98% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Micronesia 95% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 3% 1%
 Montserrat 94% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 2%
 Nauru 79% 0% 0% 5% 0% 1% 8% 7%
 Nicaragua 86% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Niue 96% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 North Korea 2% 0% 0% 71% 0% 2% 12% 13%
 Palau 87% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 10%
 Papua New Guinea 99% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Paraguay 97% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0%
 Peru 93% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Puerto Rico 97% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Saint Helena 97% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Samoa 97% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 San Marino 92% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Sao Tome and Principe 82% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 3% 2%
 Solomon Islands 97% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1%
 Tokelau 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Tonga 99% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%
 Turks and Caicos Islands 92% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 3% 1%
 Uruguay 58% 0% 0% 41% 0% 0% 1% 0%
 Vanuatu 93% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 4% 1%
 Wallis and Futuna 97% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1%
Channel Islands 85% 0% 0% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Polynesia 96% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 1%